Phoneme
Phonemes are defined as the smallest distinctive unit of a language. Jan Baudouin de Courtnay , a nineteenth-century polish linguist, introduced the concept of phoneme in 1876. Phoneme are defined as the smallest distinctive unit of speech sound in a particular language. distinctive means that the phonemes are contrastive, this distinctive change the word’s meaning, phoneme is the abstraction of set of speech sounds It provides an underlying representation of speech sound and the mental representation, while phone provides the surface representation. A phoneme sound occurs on three levels initial, medial and final, when one phoneme is substituted by another it causes a meaning change , phonemes are commutable and are said to be parallel contrastive distribution if the both of sounds can occur in the same structural slot. and they are represented in Broad transcription e.g. /p/.
Contrastive Distribution
Two sounds are in Contrastive Distribution, if they occur in the exact same environment causing a change in the meaning. e.g [p] and [b].
Parallel Distribution
Two sounds are in parallel distribution, if they cannot occur in the same environment. E.g. [p] and [pÊ°] .
Defective Distribution
The distribution of a sound is defective when it doesn’t occur in the same environments where phonetically similar sounds may occur E.g. [h], [Å‹].
Phone
Phone is the smallest distinguishable unit of speech sounds and they are represented in square brackets e.g. [p].Phone is the physical segments and surface representation of sound, phone is the phonetic representation of a phoneme, it is (the actual sound).Phone could be also refer to any speech sound or gesture without regard of it place in phonology of language.
Allophone
Allophones are the different ways or variation to pronounce the same phoneme while keeping the same meaning. Allophones are phonemically the same , but phonetically different for example the normal sound /p/ and the aspirated [pÊ°] it occurs in English language initially in the word /pin/ where normal /p/ don't occur , normal [p] occurs after /s/ in /spin/ in medial position.
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