Phonology is the study of how speech sounds structure and function in languages, some speech sounds can be used in a language to distinguish words of different meanings whereas other sounds cannot, phonology is the branch of linguistics which investigate the ways in which sounds are used systematically in different languages to form words and utterances. The task of phonology to study which differences in sound are related to differences in meaning in a given language, in which way the discriminative elements are related to each other, and the rules according to which they may be combined into words and sentences ( Trubetzkoy - 1969 - principles of phonology - page 10 ).
- Phonology includes phonetics and phonemics as well as any feature or aspect connected to the pronunciation or rules of pronunciation in a language. Phonemic is the study of speech sounds of a language for the phonemic inventory it develops methodology for phonemic analysis, consisting of preliminary procedures and principles. Phonemic analysis is confined to only words; rarely it may use phrases or larger linguistic units to discover phonemes. So phonemics uses smallest units (words) and phonology mostly uses larger linguistic unit that is phrases, words...etc.
- Phonemics deal with the sounds at the level of phoneme only and doesn’t provide for the phonetic feature of the phonemes. But phonology also covers the study of the phonetic features which are their articulatory, acoustic features.
- Phonology deals with the sounds at the spoken language level only and doesn’t try to represent sounds in writing. But phonemics always makes an attempt to represent speech of the language in IPA but in Broad Transcription. It is for the reason that k.l.pike in phonemic works has the subtitle of his book “phonemics a technique for reducing language to writing”. Phonemic transcription provides an orthography answering that there is just one symbol for every contrastive sound in a language, ideal for writing down a language ( not written so far ) and can also be used for introducing literacy to a speech community .
- Phonology also covers the study of the various phonological process and rules that govern the pronunciation but phonemics is merely a technique for the inventory of phonemes and of phonemic transcription of a language. Every speaker knows the phonological rules of his language those phonological rules enable him/her to ‘translate‘ phonemics into actual speech sounds i.e. native speakers of English (intuitively) to aspire the initial ‘p’. the knowledge of these rules forms part of speakers linguistic competence.
- Both phonemics and phonology deals with phonotactics, syllable structure. But in phonemics the methodology is simple consisting analytical procedures whereas under phonology they are various theory and approaches such as Prague school phonology, generative phonology, and functional phonology. For phonological analysis phonemic inventory is a must.
Broad And Narrow Transcription
- Broad Transcription or (Phonemic Transcription) Indicates the sequence of significant functional elements by that it gives the information about the arrangement of phonemes and their function in language ( function element is the phoneme) and if the arrangement of sequence of the phonemes changes then the meaning also changes .It represents the basic speech sound “only contrastive sounds” (phonemes). Diacritics are never used .Only show contrast like: /t/ /d/ /m/ /n/ .
- Phonetic Transcription or (Narrow Transcription) captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and ignores as few details as possible. Using the diacritics provided by the IPA, it's possible to make very subtle distinctions between sounds. Phonetic, allophonic or narrow transcription indicates details sound values Represent additional detail represent phones. Special and detailed transcription for deep study , specially used by phonetician to analyze and study speech sounds .Diacritics are used .Phonetic transcription Show details .One sound variations shows by many symbols for example the sound /p/ it can be aspirated like this [pÊ°].
The Concept Of Phone, Phoneme And Allophone.
- Phone: phone is the smallest distinguishable unit of speech sounds and they are represented in square brackets e.g. [p].Phone is the physical segments and surface representation of sound, phone is the phonetic representation of a phoneme, it is (the actual sound).Phone could be also refer to any speech sound or gesture without regard of it place in phonology of language.
- Phoneme are defined as the smallest distinctive unit of speech sound in a particular language. distinctive means that the phonemes are contrastive, this distinctive change the word’s meaning, phoneme is the abstraction of set of speech sounds It provides an underlying representation of speech sound and the mental representation, while phone provides the surface representation. A phoneme sound occurs on three levels initial, medial and final, when one phoneme is substituted by another it causes a meaning change , phonemes are commutable and are said to be parallel contrastive distribution if the both of sounds can occur in the same structural slot. and they are represented in Broad transcription e.g. /p/.
- Allophones are the different ways or variation to pronounce the same phoneme while keeping the same meaning. Allophones are phonemically the same , but phonetically different for example the normal sound /p/ and the aspirated [pÊ°] it occurs in English language initially in the word /pin/ where normal /p/ don't occur , normal [p] occurs after /s/ in /spin/ in medial position.
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